THE Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln's undying call for a "new birth of freedom" at the bloody turning point of the US Civil War, turned 150 years old, even as the union he fought to preserve quarrels bitterly over the role of government.
Thousands of people bundled up against the autumn chill - some in Civil War era uniform - crowded into the Soldiers' National Cemetery on Tuesday where Lincoln delivered the 272 words that became one of the most revered speeches in US history.
"This is a dream come true for me," said Walter Whitten, a retired African American veteran who travelled from Hawaii with his wife Debra for the ceremony. "This is something I waited many, many years for."
Not far from the simple headstones marking the graves of soldiers who fell in the battle of Gettysburg, tourists, Civil War buffs, members of Congress, a Supreme Court justice and other dignitaries listened to speeches, hymns, prayers and a re-enactment of Lincoln's restrained, eloquent remarks on an emancipated America.
The crowd burst into cheers and applause when 21 new US citizens were sworn in by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.
Embroiled in a fight to save his signature health reform, Barack Obama, the country's first African American president, stayed away from the ceremony but a taped message from him was played to the new citizens.
Later on Tuesday, the White House released the text of an essay handwritten by Obama for the Lincoln Presidential Library, in which he reflected on the momentous nature of his political hero's speech.
"...Lincoln's words give us confidence that whatever trials await us, this nation and the freedom we cherish can, and shall, prevail," Obama wrote in the essay.
But the true star of the day was Lincoln.
In his speech, which lasted a little more than two minutes, he succeeded in promoting the values of freedom, equality and democracy, less than a year after the emancipation of the slaves.
He pledged that "this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".
"The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here," Lincoln said of the Union dead.
By the next day, versions of the speech appeared in the major northern newspapers, and commentators hailed it as a work of genius, Reidy said.
Today, the speech is memorised by schoolchildren and savoured by historians for its classical allusions and subtlety.
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